If you have a bank account – or even if not – you’ve likely heard of FDIC insurance. FDIC insurance is deposit insurance overseen by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a federal entity created by the Banking Act of 1933.
FDIC insurance guarantees the safety of deposits in checking, savings, and CD accounts held with FDIC member banks. When a member bank fails, the FDIC reimburses each depositor up to $250,000 per account. As of early 2023, there are about 4,800 FDIC member banks, according to our analysis of FDIC data.
Origins & History of the Depositors Insurance Fund (DIF)
The FDIC doesn’t run the United States’ only deposit insurance scheme. The Depositors Insurance Fund (DIF) is a lesser-known, less-widespread scheme that provides supplemental protection for funds deposited with Massachusetts-chartered savings banks.
Massachusetts DIF isn’t to be confused with the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is the fund the FDIC uses to reimburse account holder deposits lost due to member bank failures.
What Are Savings Banks?
Savings banks primarily accept savings deposits and use those funds to issue mortgages, personal loans, business credit, and other types of credit vehicles. However, they often administer checking accounts as well.
Many smaller community banks are structured as savings banks. DIF membership is compulsory: if your bank is structured as a savings bank and based in Massachusetts, your deposits are covered by DIF insurance.
What Is a Depositors Insurance Fund Bank?
A Massachusetts Depositors Insurance Fund bank is any savings bank chartered in Massachusetts. DIF protects all Massachusetts-chartered savings bank deposits that aren’t protected by FDIC insurance, which is any amount deposited in excess of the FDIC’s $250,000 per account limit.
The FDIC and DIF combine forces to provide Massachusetts-chartered banks’ depositors with the country’s most robust deposit insurance protections. During major downturns, such as the late 1980s/early 1990s savings and loan crisis (when 19 Massachusetts banks failed) and the late 2000s financial crisis, DIF was more than adequate to cover depositors’ losses.
According to DIF, “The combination of FDIC and DIF insurance provides customers of Massachusetts-chartered savings banks with full deposit insurance on all their deposit accounts. No depositor has ever lost a penny in a bank insured by both the FDIC and the DIF.”
What Is the Maximum Coverage Amount for a Depositors Insurance Fund Bank?
With DIF, there’s no maximum insured amount per account. Depositors’ funds theoretically enjoy unlimited protections. However, as most banks impose maximum deposit limits – typically ranging from $1 million to $10 million per account – there’s a practical upper limit to DIF coverage.
How Did the Massachusetts DIF Begin?
In 1932, after a spate of Massachusetts-chartered bank failures, the Massachusetts state legislature voted to create the Mutual Savings Central Fund (MSCF), DIF’s predecessor. A concurrent act of the legislature created the Co-operative Central Bank, which provided deposit insurance for account holders with credit unions and cooperative banks based in Massachusetts.
As the United States’ first state-sanctioned deposit insurance fund, MSCF was designed to provide full deposit protection for individual and business depositors with failed member banks. After the creation of the FDIC, which initially reimbursed deposits up to $5,000, MSCF’s charter was modified to cover deposits above and beyond the FDIC’s coverage limit. It’s unclear when MSCF changed its name to DIF.
Key Features of DIF Insurance Coverage
The Massachusetts Depositors Insurance Fund has some key benefits — and important restrictions — for banking customers in Massachusetts.
Location and Residency
DIF insurance only covers deposits with Massachusetts-chartered savings banks. If your savings bank is chartered in Connecticut or New Hampshire, DIF can’t help you.
On the bright side, DIF doesn’t impose any residency restrictions. If you live in Connecticut, New Hampshire, or any other state, your Massachusetts-chartered savings bank deposits are protected. This is an important consideration if you do business with an online bank based in Massachusetts and is an important factor in why so many Massachusetts-based online banks thrive.
DIF insurance also covers deposits made at any member bank branch, even if that branch is located outside of Massachusetts. So if you live in New Hampshire, for example, and do business with a Massachusetts-based bank that operates a branch in your hometown, your deposits are protected.
No Added Cost
DIF insurance is free for all depositors. You don’t need to pay any fees or surcharges to benefit from the program.
No Application Requirements
Like FDIC insurance, DIF insurance automatically covers all new depositors from the moment they open an account with a member bank. You don’t have to fill out an application to participate in the program or provide any information beyond what’s necessary to open the account.
No Coverage for Investment Products
Like FDIC insurance, DIF insurance doesn’t cover investments in mutual funds, annuities, stocks, bonds or other investment products. Only deposit accounts – usually checking, savings, CDs, and money market accounts – are covered.
DIF Members, Funding, Assets & Oversight
Massachusetts DIF membership is subject to change as banks start, fail, or change their charter location. According to the Depositors Insurance Fund, as of 2023, DIF members include the following:
| Abington Bank | Lee Bank |
| Adams Community Bank | The Lowell Five Cent Savings Bank |
| Athol Savings Bank | MountainOne Bank |
| Avidia Bank | Monson Savings Bank |
| BankProv | Marblehead Bank |
| Bank of Canton | MutualOne Bank |
| Bank of Easton | Martha’s Vineyard Savings Bank |
| BankFive | Methuen Co-operative Bank |
| BankGloucester | Main Street Bank |
| BayCoast Bank | Mechanics Cooperative Bank |
| Bay State Savings Bank | Needham Bank |
| Bluestone Bank | North Cambridge Co-operative Bank |
| Canton Co-operative Bank | Newburyport Bank |
| Commonwealth Cooperative Bank | North Brookfield Savings Bank |
| Charles River Bank | North Easton Savings Bank |
| The Cooperative Bank | North Shore Bank |
| Country Bank | OneLocal Bank |
| Cornerstone Bank | Pentucket Bank |
| Cape Ann Savings Bank | PeoplesBank |
| The Cooperative Bank of Cape Cod | Pittsfield Bank & Trust |
| Coastal Heritage Bank | Rollstone Bank & Trust |
| Clinton Savings Bank | Reading Co-operative Bank |
| Dean Bank | Savers Bank |
| Dedham Institution for Savings | Seamen’s Bank |
| East Cambridge Savings Bank | South Shore Bank |
| East Boston Savings Bank | Stoneham Bank |
| Eagle Bank | Stoughton Co-operative Bank |
| Easthampton Savings Bank | UniBank |
| Florence Bank | The Village Bank |
| Fidelity Bank | Washington Savings Bank |
| Greenfield Savings Bank | Watertown Savings Bank |
| Greenfield Cooperative Bank | Webster Five |
| Haverhill Bank | Winchester Savings Bank |
| Hometown Bank | Wrentham Cooperative Bank |
| Hampden Bank | Walpole Co-operative Bank |
| Institution for Savings | Wakefield Co-operative Bank |
Massachusetts DIF Funding Mechanisms & Investments
Though DIF’s predecessor was created by a legislative act, the modern organization operates as a private organization funded by its member banks. Each DIF member is required to contribute an annual assessment, or payment, to the general fund. Each member’s assessment is based on the total value of its customers’ deposits.
According to DIF’s 2022 annual report, the fund took in a total of $5.43 million in assessments during the 2022 fiscal year, against $4.74 million in assessments during fiscal year 2021. Individual member banks’ assessments aren’t disclosed.
DIF invests assessed funds in three main classes of securities: short- and long-term U.S. treasuries, debt obligations issued by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (federally-created financial services corporations, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac), and privately issued mortgage- and asset-backed securities. DIF invests the bulk of its assets in obligations guaranteed by the Federal Government.
Since the value of and proceeds from these securities can change (and DIF’s expenses fluctuate depending on a variety of factors), the fund’s net income isn’t constant from year to year.
DIF’s total available deposit insurance fund came to $486.83 million in 2022 and $508.43 million in 2021. By comparison, its insured excess deposits (depositors’ funds insured above the FDIC limit) amounted to $28.57 billion in 2022 and $27.14 billion in 2021. In other words, DIF was able to cover 1.70% of depositors’ excess funds in 2022 and 1.87% of excess funds in 2021.
Massachusetts DIF Supervision & Member Oversight
DIF is overseen by the Massachusetts Division of Banks, a state regulatory authority. By law, it must also submit to independent audits by a private, third-party auditor. On a day-to-day basis, it’s run by a president and executive team. The executive team periodically reports to a 13-member board comprised of executives from DIF member banks and other major employers with a presence in Massachusetts.
Who Audits DIF?
DIF doesn’t have the authority to independently examine its member banks’ finances. However, it does require each bank to submit a quarterly financial statement.
DIF also works with the Massachusetts Division of Banks, the FDIC, and the Federal Reserve, all of which have legal authority to audit banks based in Massachusetts. DIF relies on reports from these entities to definitively determine whether a member bank is in danger of failing or becoming unable to repay its obligations.
What Happens When a Depositors Insurance Fund Bank Fails?
In the event that a failure appears imminent, DIF records an expected liability on its balance sheet. If and when a member bank fails, DIF steps in if necessary and as required by law to reimburse depositors for any funds lost above the FDIC insurance limit.
What Happens When a DIF Bank Is Bought or Goes Out of Business?
A bankrupt member bank’s membership generally lapses if it’s purchased out of bankruptcy by another DIF member or otherwise recapitalized. Regardless of its solvency, a DIF member also loses its membership when its assets are purchased by a non-DIF member bank (in other words, a bank headquartered outside Massachusetts) and it subsequently abandons its Massachusetts charter.
Final Word
Massachusetts is home to nearly 7 million people, or roughly 2% of the American population. Most Americans have never lived in the Bay State, and many have never even set foot in it. But that doesn’t mean DIF insurance is of no import to residents of, say, Texas or California.
For one thing, Americans are mobile. Even if you have no interest in moving to Massachusetts, you could find yourself compelled by an employer or some unforeseen life circumstances to do so in the future. In the midst of trying to find the right town or neighborhood for your family, you’re likely to find yourself looking for a local bank that protects deposits with DIF insurance.
Alternatively, you could find yourself weighing the best checking account or savings account options from one of the many online banks headquartered in Massachusetts, all of which offer DIF insurance in addition to FDIC insurance. Or, you could live in a state that borders Massachusetts, where Bay State banks are more likely to have satellite branches.
And, if you’re interested in public policy or the legislative process, you could even hold up DIF insurance as a model for more robust deposit account protections in your home state. After all, both DIF and FDIC insurance – critical consumer protections taken for granted today – were unheard of before the 1930s.
